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There is a way to describe photons such that everything in the universe must necessarily be a natural consequence of photonic interaction. Photons of this flavor agree with experiment and behave in accord with most of the rules of quantum physics but they depart from the most cherished notion of that science and avoid its unreasonable ideas. These photons consist of saturated points of electric and magnetic amplitude in fields of electric and magnetic force that permeate all the fabric of space. Nature's Evidence | Neutron Model | Model Source Code | Function Library | ||||||||
| Our receipe for building this universe begins with space and time in the none-varying classic sense. Then we mix in electromagnetic change and stir gently. | ||||||||
Consider that the seat of the electromagnetic field is the empty space.
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| In the classical photon model, electric change creates magnetic fields and magnetic change creates electric fields. The fields exist as planes situated ninety degrees from each other with the edge of the planes facing the direction of travel. Points of maximum rate of change and maximum amplitude exist where the two planes cross. This is the classical photon model of the 20th century. It looks like a particle because its maximum rate of change moves through space as a point. The fields that surround the point are the same substance as the point and only differ in electric and magnetic amplitude. This idea of saturation is one of two changes we introduce to the classical model. | ||||||||
Saturation amplitude of photon points is a universal constant of space.
Short-wave-length photons have more energy but since they exist for
less time and saturate at the same amplitude their energy-time is the
same as that of photons with longer wave length. Because of this all
photons exist as 6.626075 x 10-34 Joule-seconds worth of potential
energy-time.[1] Planck's constant thus derives from the more basic constant amplitude of photons.
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When a point reaches saturation, it begins immediately to change back
and its point of saturation moves forward through space at its natural
speed of light. This stops the
change that had been occurring in points to the side so they do not
reach saturation but begin immediately to follow the first point's new
direction of change. The first point continues this function going all
the way through zero amplitude to saturation in the opposite polarity
and back to zero again. Students of math will recognize this kind of
change as a sine function and the resulting amplitude fluctuation as a
sinusoidal wave form. Notice that the point of saturation is a constant amplitude. This is the property of a photon that gives us
the true cause of gravity.
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At a very small distance away from a photon's central path, its electric and magnetic amplitude are too weak to directly interact with mass.
Since the fields can't interact, they are almost invisible to mass.
They are not completely invisible, however. No matter how minute these small
fields become they still contribute toward the saturation amplitude
that any point in space may reach. This is very important. That contribution toward saturation amplitude is the
cause of
gravity.
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This action forms two point-like ripples. They exist as a wave of electric and magnetic amplitude that normally moves through space in a straight line at about 300 million meters per second. Maxwell's equations thus describe quantum-governed photons that exist as points even though he did not know about the quantum nature of the universe. The root cause of all quantum phenomena is that photons always go to saturation. This saturation is in the form of the maximum possible electric and magnetic amplitude that empty space can support. The fact that photons go to saturation also precludes the possibility of a massive singularity in space. It is like a cosmic censor. Just as a massive object can never reach the speed of light, so also the concentration of mass can never reach this saturation magnitude. | ||||||||
Since the seat of the field is the empty space, points in space must
act independently and always respond to any change in electric and magnetic
fields near them.
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| Now we introduce the second property that we add to a photon. This property produces the electric and magnetic fields and the strong and weak nuclear forces. When photons move in a straight line, negative change immediately follows positive change so that space is electrically neutral after the photon passes. This is not the case, however, if the path of a photon is forced to change direction due to interference from other photons. In the bent path of a photon electric and magnetic fields can not completely cancel to neutral. There is a remaining electric charge that moves out from the bend radius at the speed of light diminishing in amplitude as the square of distance. We know this must be the case because the fields cannot be symmetrical in the bent path. As far as we know there has never been an attempt to detect this property; it needs to be done. | ||||||||
The photon's path may bend so that a negative electric field remains or
it may bend so that a
At first it may seem that the requirement of an exact frequency and bend radius would make this a rare event. It is not, however, because feedback from the field is not powerful enough to sustain a bend radius. As a result, any time the original bend is tighter than the photon's wave length the photon must uncurl through its exact wavelength. At its wave-length circumference it finds resonance and that adds the required force to trap an electron's photon in a stable loop. If the frequency is greater than ideal, a spiral may form while still maintaining an end-to-end circumference of 2.4 x 10-10 centimeters. This gives the resulting electron or positron movement through space. The extra energy then exists as movement. When the frequency is too great for even a spiral loop to form at 2.4 x 10-10 centimeters, tighter loops Hofstadter's Shells Revisited, explains how these shells make up atomic nuclei and are the source of all nuclear interactions. The source of the strong nuclear interaction, for example, is the forces on the circumference of the outer shells of protons and neutrons. When a proton's outer shell merges through that of another proton its outer shell can approach the next-to-outer shell of the other. The total of the forces of all shells then in contact calculates to be that of the measured nuclear forces.
Photons that comprise mass emit fields just as do photons free in space. These fields are strongest in and around massive objects and diminish with the square of distance away from them. As described above, central points in photons always reach saturation and are not able to increase beyond that. When these points pass through fields from other photons the fields contribute toward this saturation amplitude. Points that are changing toward saturation must then reach it at an offset toward increasing field strength. Because of this, all photons including those that comprise mass, attract each other. Photonic gravity: Brown style; Wagman style
Photon theory does not demand or predict that a neutrino particle exists. In fact the concept of the neutrino is somewhat of a problem. Scientists who advocate photon theory have been unable to show how to build a neutral phase-locked shell out of a single photon. There is a possibility in photon theory that the neutrino could be a spin polarized photon. The Quantum theories also have a problem with the neutrino. Scientists could not observe these neutrino particles directly so they reasoned that they could observe them through their by products. In the case of neutrinos, the by products were photon signatures of electron-positron annihilation. A passing neutrino would interact with a proton changing it to a neutron and releasing a positron. The positron would be annihilated by an electron and the resulting photons could be observed. Clyde L. Cowan and Frederick Reines first conducted this experiment successfully in 1957, but there was a problem that still remains. There was no a-priory reason that the observed photons must have come from the set of circumstances imagined, and more recent experiments have failed to detect the required neutrons that should be created in the process.[6] The case for quarks is even less convincing. Scientists can only observe them through by products of very short-lived massive particles that they assume are created by quark decay. There are so many short-lived massive particles that some must fit the required mass range whether quarks exist or not.
This photonic universe must necessarily exist in non-varying space and time in the classic-common sense. All massive objects are made of photons that move at the constant speed of light. Because of this, they must necessarily experience space and time differently when the mass is moving. The phenomenon of relativity is the natural result of the construct of mass and is not a property of space or time. When we develop equations to predict how this kind of mass must change with movement we find that we have reproduced equations first developed by H. A. Lorentz at the turn of the twentieth century. His "Lorentz transformations" accurately describe the observed changes in mass moving in different inertial frames of reference. So now we have described photons that pass all tests of reality that we can yet devise. If they do exist in space and time, these photons are the underlying framework for the universe and our picture of it is much more clear. Although we may never be completely convinced that our universe exists as such, we can never deny the possibility that it might. Until some new discovery shoots it down, the photonic theory of everything must stand as the most simple, reasonable, and complete of all such theories yet advanced. [2]Bahaa E. A. Saleh and Malvin Carl Teich, Fundamentals of Photonics, New York, 1991.6]Samuel Devons, "Neutrino," Grolier Electronic Encyclopedia, New York, 1993. [7]Albert Einstein, "Development of Our Conception of the Nature and Constitution of Radiation," Physikalische Zeitschrift 22, 1909. Translated by Christian Holm. Jefferson Hane Weaver, The World of Physics, VOL. II, New York, 1987. Einstein discussed this with H. Ziegler, Max Planck, and Stark. | ||||||||
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The square-of-the-shells rule predicts the mass and electrical charge amplitude of each shell.
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The image below is a model of a neutron. The electric fields are expanded to show
points of maximum amplitude. The same polarity remains on the outside of the shells
all the way around because the comprising photon completes one wave length cycle
within the circumference.
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