The Logic Trail
| ||
Relativity in Flat Space-Time
by
Common sense told scientists of the 19th century that space and time were flat. By the turn of the 20th century they noticed that time and space seemed to be distorted when objects moved. Fitzgerald and Lorentz explained this by assuming that the shape of objects changed when they moved. Then a great tragedy happened. Einstein changed that concept. He assumed it was space and time itself that was distorted. Einstein's view was accepted. Let us examine why it is that the notion Einstein gave us is such a tragedy. When we consider space-time as flat we are forced to explain relativity phenomena as Lorentz explained it. Motion somehow causes physical objects to distort themselves. The amount of distortion and the physical shape of the distortion is exactly as it would be if the most elemental constituents of matter must always move at the invariant speed of light. There must be a special inertial frame that is at rest in space. We can observe this inertial frame. It is that of the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation. Einstein's view eliminates the special inertial frame and only considers relative motion. Calculations are therefore more simple. One factor is eliminated. But the great tragedy is that we no longer have a force pushing us to conclude that matter must be made totally of light-speed constituents. Given the accepted elasticity of space-time, otherwise ridiculous notions might be accepted as well. The Big Bang Theory might be considered the reality, when it can not possibly be. Matter, consisting of light-speed constituents, could never occupy such a large portion of the universe. There was not enough time for the universe to reach its present observed size. It is easy to develop a consistent unification hypothesis based upon the Lorentz notion of space-time. And, as Einstein discovered, it is impossible to develop a consistent unification theory based upon the Einstein version. We start with the most simple explanation of matter given the observations. Observations show us that matter behaves exactly as it would behave if it were made of light. So the most simple explanation is that matter is made of light. Let us assume for a moment that matter is made of light and see if it answers any questions for us.
When we remove the tragedy that warped space-time gives us, we are forced to view nature in a very limited and restricted way. Given all the restrictions we would expect that some observed realitie would not be possible. However, we find none. What we do find is that some questionable notions about nature are in conflict. | ||
Basic Photonic UniverseLet us start with this most basic undeniable truth that we find in our universe: the final irreducible constituent of all physical reality is the electromagnetic field. Given this fact, it is most simple to consider that all physical reality is comprised of electromagnetic phenomena alone. Then if these two things hold true, and given the fact that the speed of light is constant, we can deduce one other great set of realities. We immediately see that there will be a whole set of phenomena related to matter in motion and the speed of light. Given that construct of matter, the Lorentz transformations hold true only if space-time is flat. So we know immediately that space does not distort. Space can not expand. Knowing this we also know that there was no Big Bang. The three classic dimensions of space and the one dimension of time are required in order to make sense of our observations. Matter must distort when it moves relative to a fixed inertial frame in space. There must then be some mechanism that binds light into matter. We find two ways that this happens. The first well known way is that light is absorbed by matter. This adds energy to the matter and increases its mass. So, effectively, the light becomes matter by being absorbed. The other way is not so well known. It comes from bending the path of light. Any bend in the path of light produces an electric charge. The charge amplitude is related to the bend radius. We see evidence of this in two ways. One is the Fine Structure Constant. It is a ratio of about 1 / 137 and is related the electric charge of an electron. This is the relationship between the bend radius of light's path and the charge resulting from the bend. The other evidence is that the path of starlight bends twice as much as it should when it reaches us after passing in close proximity to the sun. This tells us that the charge produced by the bent path has the effect of bending the path more in the same direction. We see that the amount of the extra bending is just exactly equal to the gravity-caused bend. Two gamma ray photons of energy greater than .510 MeV each, can interfere with each other when they approach in close proximity. This interference can bend the path of each photon into a complete circle. When the circle completes in one wave length resonance contributes to the bending. An electron and positron are formed. There is a virtual zoo of other particles that may form where high energy concentrates. All are unstable and quickly revert to gamma ray photons. There is no evidence that any of this zoo of unstable particles contributes in any way to normal matter. This construct of the universe is very simple and should be obvious to anyone who cares to ponder it. We quickly grasp that matter made of light must distort when it moves. Then, for some reason, we hesitate to consider that matter might actually be made of light. Instead we consider that light somehow magically forces matter into existence from some universal and undetectable foam, then disappears. But then, we also like to believe in other magical things. We have deceived ourselves by allowing unreasonable assumptions to dominate our thinking. It is unreasonable to assume that space and time can be distorted. So if we stick to reason and consider the apparent distortion of space and time by movement, we are forced to accept the Lorentz treatment of relativity phenomena. Then when we do, we find that we can easily unify all the forces. We can easily explain all observable phenomena using electromagnetic phenomena alone. | ||
Square-Of-The-Shells Rule
by
By November 5th 1991 I had concluded that the advocates of a completely electromagnetic universe were probably correct. Quantum Mechanics, admittedly the most successful theory yet conceived, was non-the-less wrong at its philosophical foundation. All of the elementary particles were simple constructs of electromagnetic energy. At first I thought I had stumbled upon some great truth, but then after several years researching the old texts and documents squirreled away by scientists of the early 20th century, I saw that this was an old idea. I saw mention in some of Einstein's published memos that James Clerk Maxwell, Lorentz, and Poincare worked on that assumption, leading to The Lorentz_ether_theory These great men worked out the details of just how matter so constructed must behave when subjected to motion. Being constructed entirely of light, any particle of matter would need to distort when in motion because of the invariance of the speed of light. The equations for this distortion are called the Lorentz Transformations. The distortion itself is called Relativity Phenomena. This phenomena is now well known and proven beyond any reasonable doubt. But the phenomena of Relativity and the Theory of Relativity are very different things. The Theory of Relativity is Albert Einstein's attempt to explain Relativity Phenomena. I decided that Einstein's concept of variable space-time was wrong. There could not be two causes for Relativity Phenomena. Variable space-time could not exist in a universe in which Relativity Phenomena is accounted for by the distortion of matter due to the fixed speed of light. For this to happen, the speed of light must be fixed in a special frame of reference that is at rest in space. The invariance of the speed of light as measured by anyone moving is the result of the distortion of matter as it moves. All of the invariance is due to the distortion of matter. There is no invariance left over that could be attributed to variable space-time. And even if there was, how would it be proportioned between the two causes. That was the reasoning I finally came down to. As unlikely as it was that anyone would ever entertain the thought, the great Einstein was wrong about Relativity. Maxwell, Lorentz, Poincare and others had the correct notion. They worked out most of the details but they didn't get to the final answer of just exactly how the electromagnetic field could be the only real thing that exists in the universe. They didn't figure out how everything in the universe could be composed of photons alone. They didn't know about photons. They didn't know that all electromagnetic fields exist as saturated points of electric and magnetic amplitude surrounded by their fields of diminishing amplitude that extend outward forever. I knew of that construct. I knew about photons. I had worked a lifetime playing with them in all their manifestations. I had read and re-read and understood and re-understood "Fundamentals of Photonics" by Bahaa E. A. Saleh and Malvin Carl Teich published by John Wiley & Sons Inc. So just maybe, even though I was ill equipped in the Mathematics skills, I might be able to contribute in some small way to the work of Maxwell and Lorentz. On that day of November 5th 1991, I wrote a simple graphics computer program for a photon model of the wave construct. That construct was my understanding of the photon that was thoroughly described in the 961 page book "Fundamentals of Photonics", mentioned earlier. When I ran the computer program I was surprised to see that the photon, when bent into a circle, always kept the same polarity on the outside of the bend. It could be either positive or negative, depending upon the half cycle that started the bend, but it was always one or the other.
Source Code For Neutron Model
Screenshot of the current animated neutron program: The hash marks represent electric charge amplitude and polarity. Blue is negative and red is positive. The charge amplitude completes one cycle during one wave length. This causes the same polarity to remain on the outside of the pattern all the way around the loop. Peak amplitude rotates around the loop at the speed of light. In the program this rotation is counter-clockwise. In real life, the rotation could be either way and there would probably be a composite flat-wise rotation of the pattern. | ||
Photonic
|
| Classic photon with both of its electromagnetic planes shown. |
|
by
Vernon Brown
January 30, 2009
Stand Alone Version
The photon exists as an electric and magnetic disturbance moving through space. It consists of two points of electromagnetic saturation surrounded by electric and magnetic fields that extend outward through space forever.
The fields change in amplitude in accordance with James Clerk Maxwell's equations and this drives the saturated points moving them through space.
Photon points moving through the fields of other photons reach their saturation amplitude mostly due to their own electric and magnetic fields. However, the fields of all other photons contribute toward this saturation amplitude. This causes the points to reach saturation at a slight offset toward increasing field strength of the other photon fields. This gives rise to the attractive force known as gravity.
When photons collide their fields interact. This can cause the path of each photon to change so that it follows a curve in a local area. When the path of a photon is bent, the electric and magnetic fields cannot be symmetrical in the bend. The area outside the bend is greater than the area inside the bend. The result of this asymmetry is a local electric and magnetic field. The strength of the field is related to the bend radius, such that the tighter the bend the greater the strength of the field. This field causes the path of the photon to bend more in the same direction, so it provides positive feedback to the bend. This causes the bend to be twice as tight as it would be without the feedback.
The path of a photon can be bent so strongly that it forms a complete circle in the space of one wave length. When so bent one polarity of the electric field remains on the outside of the bend so that the circle exhibits an electric charge. When in this condition, the photon is in resonance with itself. This resonance adds to the positive feedback and tends to hold the photon in the circle for an instant. Most circles formed this way are unstable and instantly unfurl so that the paths of the photons become straight again.
There is one certain photon frequency that when curled into this complete-circle pattern, the pattern remains stable. We call this kind of pattern an electron or positron depending upon which polarity remains on the outside of the pattern. This gives rise to the electromagnetic forces.
There are four other frequencies whose complete-circle patterns can be stable when they are combined together so that they form shells such that successive smaller shells are inside the larger shells. Each smaller shell is more massive than its neighboring larger shell. Starting with the mass of the largest shell, the mass of each successive smaller shell, when taken in terms of electron masses, is the square of the mass of the next shell out. The sum of the masses of all four shells is equal to the mass of the neutron. The sum of the three inside shells is equal to the mass of the proton.
The strength of the electric force on the outside of the shells follows the same square of shells rule. Starting with the outside shell, we have 2.5, 6.5, 42.2, and 1787.3 electrons worth of force. Although these forces are much stronger than an electron's force, they must diminish in strength as the inverse square of distance. So, when seen at any distance greater than the radius of an electron, they are exactly the force of an electron.
The strong and weak nuclear forces develop from the electric charges of the three outside shells. When two protons merge so that their outer and next to outer shells interact there are four forces at work. The sum of the forces of these four shells is 6.5 + 6.5 + 42.2 + 42.2 equals the strong nuclear force.
When nucleons merge this way the smaller shells are trapped symmetrically inside the larger shells at a distance inside so that forces balance. Any movement away from this balancing point produces a greater force until the smaller shells break through to the outside. This gives rise to the well known nuclear dynamics of the strong force.
by
Vernon Brwon
January 15, 2009
We can understand this universe and how it behaves just as much as we understand the lowly photon, and in as much as we don't understand all the complexities of the photon, we don't understand the workings of our universe. For example, do we even know how many wave cycles it takes to make one photon? Recent postings in forums indicate that there is uncertainty about this among the scientific elite.
If we think of the photon as anything other than one cycle of an electromagnetic disturbance in space we lose a very basic connection between relativity phenomena and the speed of light. We lose the logic behind the Lorentz transformations that were formulated from the proposition that: the final irreducible constituent of all physical reality is the electromagnetic field.
The only way we know of to construct a particle from a photon of energy is to bend
its path into a circle exactly one wave length in circumference.
There can not be
more than one wave cycle in the circle, otherwise the electric charge would not be
as we see it. When we bend one wave length of an electromagnetic wave into a complete
circle we see front to back resonance and one polarity of electric charge on the
outside of the circle all the way around. We see a particle of mass.
In as much as we allow the number of wave cycles of a photon to be undetermined in our thinking, we allow our understanding of the workings of this universe to undetermined. We can logically develop a concept of the nature of things when we start from a basic constant thing. We can have a photon of one wave length. Since it is one wave length and we know its energy precisely, we can know that it exists as saturated points of electric and magnetic amplitude surrounded by fields of electric and magnetic amplitude that diminish as the inverse square of distance. This tells us the origin of quantum phenomena. So with the concept of a photon that exists as one wave length we suddenly know how come the quantum as well as how come relativity,
by
Vernon Brown
January 7th 2009
Stand Alone Version
In a recent thread of the sciforums physics forum a moderator, Ben The Man, started the thread linked here. The idea was to come up with the best reason why the universe can't possibly be composed of photons alone. That it was composed of photons alone was a popular idea around the turn of the 20th century; many of us think it was originated by James Clerk Maxwell. The fact that this old idea has never been falsified leaves many of us uneasy about the current wide acceptance of Quantum Theory. Especially since Quantum Theory does not predict relativity phenomena at its very foundation. In fact, Quantum Theory does not even predict the existence of mass itself.
Is the universe made of photons:
Evidence for |
Evidence against
A twenty five dollar reward was offered by the moderator but as far as I can tell, no one identified any thing that could stand the test of being evidence against that old idea. I have looked into this at length and I have never found anything. Surely, if the universe is not made of photons alone, there will be plenty of evidence that it is not. After all, that is a very restrictive scenario.
by
Vernon Brown
December 31, 2008
This web domain is dedicated to resolving an old idea that was popular during the early 20th century. A few years earlier James Clerk Maxwell had wrote down equations that described electromagnetic behavior. As far as I can determine it was he who first suggested that the final irreducible constituent of all physical reality is the electromagnetic field. That old idea has never been falsified and indeed, the further we look into it the more evidence we find that it is what is real in this universe.
If that is what is real, it means that everything in the universe must be composed in its entirety of electromagnetic fields alone and nothing else. There is lots of evidence that this is so. There is no evidence that it is not so. Some have said that the four forces of nature are fundamentally different and so this falsifies the concept. But this conclusion is reached by a shallow consideration of the dynamics of the forces and with a bias toward blind acceptance of Quantum Mechanics with no alternative tolerated.
Consider the dynamics of the nuclear forces. When two protons approach, there is at
first an opposing force that must be overcome. When the temperature is great enough,
meaning the protons approach each other with a great enough velocity, this opposing
force is overcome and the proton outer bounds are breached. They then lock together
via a strong nuclear force that holds them together.
A proton composed of three photons trapped in resonant shells would exhibit dynamics
consistent with observations. The positive charges of the outer shells would oppose
each other at first. Then when the outer shells were breached, the next-to-outer
shells would strongly attract the outer shells, speeding up the union. Finally
the inside shells would find equalizing force inside the outer shells.
There is a strange dynamic of the strong nuclear force. It increases with distance at first when protons separate. The cause of this is evident in the model. Opposing electromagnetic forces of the inside of the outer shell and the outside of the next-to-outer shell must approach each other for this short distance. This is exactly consistent with the observed behavior of the strong nuclear interaction.
The Square-Of-The-Shells calculator has the shells numbered from one to four. Shell one is the outside shell of the Neutron. Shell two is the outside shell of the Proton. Shell three is the next to outer shell of the Proton, and shell four is the small dot in the center. The Neutron is simply a proton with one extra shell.
The attractive strong nuclear force is actually an opposing electromagnetic force between shells two and shells three. These opposing forces are brought in close proximity when the protons outer shells merge through each other. Any separation of the protons must then bring the opposing forces closer together causing an increase in force just as is observed.
At the turn of the 20th century when currently accepted theory was held less religiously, scientists often ventured into the unholy ground of new ideas. We could theorize about what possibilities might exist under certain scenarios for reality. If we are allowed that freedom of thought in these times, we might theorize about a universe comprised of photons alone. In such a universe there would be cause and effect for all things such as relativity phenomena which we have already covered. Now let's think about what might be the cause of the fine-structure constant when we restrict and constrain the speculation to a universe comprised only of photons.
The fine-structure constant is so called because it is related to the fine-structure apparent in atomic spectra. It was first noticed when it was discovered that there was a fine structure in the spectra of starlight. These spectral lines are thought to be due to the transitions of electrons between available energy levels in atoms. Some scientists speculate that it is the ratio between the speed of an electron in orbit and the speed of light. This ratio is about 1/137 and the numbers do work out for the speculation related to the Bohr Atom.
Now lets restrict the scenario to a photon-only universe and look for the origin of the fine-structure constant. We know that the constant has a very close relationship to the value of the force of the electric charge of an electron. In a photon-only universe the value of the electric charge of an electron is already determined to be tied directly to the bend radius of the path of the electron's comprising photon. Given these two tidbits of info it is a short leap to understand the origin of the fine-structure constant. It is the ratio of electrical charge amplitude of an electron to the bend radius of the path of the photon that comprises the electron.
Now that we have determined that, we can easily see that when the path of a photon is bent more strongly such as it is in the outside shell of the neutron, the value of the electrical charge will be stronger than that of an electron. We can also know how much stronger the value of the electrical charge will be. We can know this because we know that when measured from any distance away greater than the radius of an electron, the value is exactly that of an electron. This tells us the force decreases as the inverse square of distance. So, then, it must increase with the square of distance going in to a smaller radius.
This simple exercise gives us something we can actually test. We can compare the values we get for the forces to well known measured values. Using this method, as in the Square-of-the-Shells rule, the values are 2.54992 for the neutron's outer shell, 6.50209 for the proton's outer shell and 42.27723 for the proton's next to outer shell. If we merge two protons together so that their outer and next to outer shells are in close proximity, we have four such areas of proximity. We see two shells 2 and two shells three. The sum of these is roughly 97.54, the value of the measured strong nuclear interaction in terms of the electron taken as unity.
So, when we consider that the fine-structure constant is the ratio of electrical charge amplitude of an electron to the bend radius of the path of the photon that comprises the electron we have some insight into a more valuable phenomena. We can see a good candidate for the source of the strong nuclear interaction.
Relativity phenomena is an all-invasive part of all material things. It must therefore be present at the most fundamental beginnings of nature's construct. We know how to describe nature to make this so. When we describe nature in this certain way, relativity phenomena is predicted and indeed, demanded by nature's construct. We know of no other way to describe the most fundamental constituents of nature so that relativity phenomena is predicted.
In order to demand relativity phenomena every physical reality in the universe must be composed of electromagnetic fields. It must be composed of that alone. Adding any other constituent breaks the arithmetic so that relativity phenomena is no longer predicted to be as it is observed to be.
When we fail to accept this most fundamental reality we are forced to construct weird and unnatural entities and invent a whole unreal physics that can not even predict the existence of mass. It does not predict relativity phenomena, and indeed, relativity phenomena is an extra unnatural add-on.
Any fundamental theory that fails to demand relativity phenomena at its very core, can not be what is real in nature. The reason it can not be real is that we easily observe that relativity phenomena is real and it is present in every physical reality that we know about.
So the first question about any fundamental theory should be: How does this theory demand the existence of Relativity Phenomena? Because we can know with certainty that if the theory does not demand relativity phenomena it is unnatural and does not represent reality. This is how we know that although the theory predicts reality with great precision, the most fundamental idea behind Quantum Theory is wrong.
Now, lets construct a motor so that its armature is some distance away
from the driving force of the windings. We expect a speed-of-light
delay between action at the windings and action at the armature. We do see this
speed-of-light delay. We do not expect to see a delay of twice the speed
of light. We always see exactly the speed of light delay between the source
of an action and the place where the action manifests itself.
When the load on the armature increases, it uses the potential energy that left the windings some time in the past. Instantly, a virtual photon that left the windings in the past becomes a real power producing photon that is absorbed in the armature. From the point of view of the armature, this photon left the windings before the load was realized by the armature. The windings generated the power and it was transferred to the armature at the speed of light.
If we do not see a delay of twice the speed of light between the current variation in the windings and the load on the armature, then we have the basis for faster than light communication. All we need do is measure the load on our transmitting antenna (winding) as a distant receiver (armature) varies its reception of our signal. We should see an instant response to the receiver's variation.
If this is true it would explain why it is that photons seem to only move from a source to a target when there is some means of observation present. The explanation would be that potential is not realized unless there is something present that is capable of realizing that potential. Photons are only potential energy. It is as if a transmitter is signaling to a receiver with potential energy at the speed of light. When that potential finds a target capable of absorbing it, the energy transfer then instantly occurs.
I do not know if this is true. It can be tested very easily, however.
Vernon Brown
August 17 2008
The ultimate photon theory must provide a proof that everything in the universe can be described in terms of Maxwell's partial differential equations. There can be some modifications such as those proposed by Dr. Robert Kemp. The task can then be reduced down to just two more additions.
There needs to be a function that quantifies an imbalance in the photon's electromagnetic fields whenever the photon's path is bent. This must result in an electric charge that is positive feedback to the photon so that it bends the path more in the same direction.
The other function must be one that quantifies resonance in terms of its holding force when the bend radius of the photon places one wavelength inside a circumference. The combination of the charge produced by the positive feedback and the force of resonance must be just right to hold the photon in the circle pattern.
Parts of the problem are already defined. We know the result. An electron is created. This gives us the circumference of the pattern and the electric charge value associated with that amount of curve. The circumference is equal to the wavelength of the electron. The electric charge is equal to the charge of the electron. There should be a way to normalize that charge/curve ratio so that the amount of charge associated with any curve can be calculated.
Then Maxwell's equations must be modified to accommodate the two added forces. So modified, Maxwell's equations can describe everything in the universe. So the task is to show how a gamma ray photon is curled into an electron.
Below is a simplified schematic of a neutron composed of four shells. Each
shell is one photon of wave length equal to the circumference. This model is produced
by the software linked below.
Source Code ||
Class Library
by
Vernon Brown
July 11, 2008
The dynamics of the shell structure of elementary particles is a wide open field ripe for discovery. Such a structure was proposed by Dr. Robert Hofstadter of Stanford University. He developed shell models to satisfy the hadron spectra he found after bombarding atomic nuclei with electrons in the energy range of 600 mev. The scientific community awarded Dr. Hofstadter the Nobel Prize for discovering nuclear structure. They ignored the actual structure that Dr. Hofstadter proposed.
If we had paid proper tribute to Dr. Hofstadter's discoveries, we would have expanded upon his proposal. Instead of three Quarks, we would have three shells. Shell One would be the largest. It would be the outer shell of the Neutron. The mass of Shell One would be about 2.549920405 electrons worth of mass or 1.30301 mev.
Two protons can smash together with such force that their outside shells pass through each other until the middle shells of each are trapped inside the negative inside layer of the outside shells. |
This Shell One would be the outside shell of the Neutron. Without this shell, the Neutron is exactly the same as the proton. The strength of the electric charge at the circumference of this shell is 2.5 times as strong as the strength of the electric charge at the electron's electromagnetic circumference. Seen from the outside, the charge of this outer shell of the neutron is negative. Seen from the inside, it is positive.
We have made computer models of Hofstadter's Shells. Using the C++ programming language, we made a class structure for Electrons, Neutrons, and Protons. We do not have the movement Methods for the classes but we know such Methods are possible. We know the characteristics of the Methods from what Nature itself shows us.
by
Vernon Brown
June 25 2008
The phenomena of relativity in nature is such overwhelming evidence that our tendency is to look no further. But there is much more evidence. If the final irreducible constituent of all physical reality is the electromagnetic field, there will be evidence of that everywhere we look. And conversely there will be no irrefutable evidence to the contrary. We maintain that is the case and offer this evidence that it is the case.
The first thing most folks list as evidence to the contrary is that the four forces of nature are distinctly different. But as we have shown in Photon Theory, it is quite easy to develop consistent unification theories using known electromagnetic phenomena. The four forces are simply different manifestations of electromagnetic phenomena. Professor Willis Thompson of San Diego State University shows that quiet easily.
